health is one of the rights of all humans. Everyone should have health. The health risk factors should be reduced for all, and all patients should be able to benefit from health services tailored to the type and severity of disease. Currently, malaria is still one of the most important health problems in the world [1]. Third millennium declaration", which was the summit of 189 countries in September 2000, includes the following objectives: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, universal education, gender equity, child health, maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases, environmental sustainability, global partnership up to 2015 [2].

Background & Purpose: Esophageal cancer is the 3rd common cause of GI cancer and the 6th common cause of cancer related deaths in the world. Northeastern of Iran (Caspian Littoral) has been recognized as the highest incidence rate region for esophageal cancer in the country. Although, different incidence rates have been reported from this region, Turkmens had the highest rate in these studies, but there is no report regarding the ethnicity within Turkmen groups. The present study is to explore the association between ethnic diversity in Turkmen population with esophageal cancer incidence in Iranian Turkmens (Golestan province). Methods and materials: This is a cross sectional study in Turkmen patients with confirmed diagnosis of esophageal cancer between 2002 through 2003 at a referral clinic in Gonbad. 106 Turkmen patients, diagnosed with esophageal cancer by endoscopy and biopsy, were included. Demographic factors (sex and age), cancer histology (SCC and adenocarcinoma), tumor origin (upper 3rd, middle 3rd, and lower 3rd of esophagus), and patients’ contact numbers were retrieved and the patients were categorized into five different groups based on their ethnicity: Ahtahbai, Jafarbai, Googlan, others and unidentified ethnic group. Incidence rate was estimated based on the number of patients and population of each ethnic group. Descriptive statistics was performed and data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis Test for continuous variables and Chi-square Test for categorical variables. Results: A total of 106 Turkmen patients with mean age of 64.22 ± 12.12 (61 male and 45 female) were included in this study. Frequency of each ethnic group was identified as: Ahtahbai(n=31, 29.2%), Googlan(n=30, 28.3%), Jafarbai (n=27,25.5%), others(n=7, 6.6%), and unidentified ethnic group (n=11,10.4%). The mean age and gender were not significantly different between these ethnic groups. Heterogeneity was found within Turkmen population, Ahthabai having the least and googlan the highest esophageal cancer incidence rate. Conclusions: As esophageal cancer is very common in Turkmen population and with the high incidence rate in Googlan people, this ethnic group needs to be more targeted for the esophageal cancer-screening programme. Further population-based studies can better explore possible factors in different Turkmen ethnic groups.  

Context: The COVID-19 outbreak was first experienced in China and rapidly spread to 212 countries/regions of the world, including Pakistan. It has affected both males and females, but the incidence is higher in males than in females worldwide. Evidence Acquisition: According to the Ministry of National Health Services, Regulation, and Coordination of Pakistan, the female infection rate is much lower than the male infection rate in Pakistan (3. 6% vs. 6. 7%, respectively). What are the main possible reasons that created gender disparity in COVID-19 incidence in Pakistan? We reviewed different factors that created gender disparity in COVID-19 Incidence in Pakistan. Results: The biological differences, social, professional, religious, psychological factors, cultural, and lifestyle aspects have created a gender disparity in COVID-19 incidence in Pakistan. Conclusion: This study mainly focused on the main possible reasons (mentioned above) that COVID-19 has affected men more than women worldwide, especially in Pakistan.

The present study analyzes the optimal price and quality decisions of a retailer for its different stores in a heterogeneous market. The consumers are also assumed to be heterogeneous in terms of their willingness to pay for quality who are non-uniformly distributed in the market. This type of heterogeneity which is identi, ed based on Income disparity can have important implications for a retailer's optimal policy. The main objective of this study is to determine how the distribution of di, erent types of consumers in the market and how their travel costs a, ect the optimal setting of price and quality levels among di, erent stores of a retailer. According to the , ndings of this study, the geographical disparity of willingness to pay plays a signi, cant role in di, erentiation and targeting strategy of a retailer. Furthermore, a comparative analysis revealed that the widely adopted assumption of uniform distribution of consumers in the literature would lead to non-optimal decisions in which the distribution of consumers is non-uniform in a real-world situation.

Equitable distribution of Income is among the most important objective of every country. Unfortunately, due to structural problems, Income inequality has not ameliorated despite tremendous efforts in this area. Since education possesses the capability to build and enhance the skills and abilities of individuals, it can be a catalyst for fundamental changes in the structure of Income distribution. Therefore, today the view that education can reduce Income inequalities especially in developing countries has gained popularity. Hence, the major purpose of the current study is to analyze the effect on Income inequality of the government’s expenditures on education in selected member countries of the Islamic Conference Organization in 1965-2010 at five-year intervals. To this end, the GLS estimation method was used in the framework of Panel data systems. The results indicate that the increase in literacy level causes the improvement of Income distribution, however, intensifying literacy distribution would exacerbate the Income distribution, therefore higher (intermediate) literacy level and its less distribution (standard deviation) would improve the Income distribution in society.